November 11, 2013
South Florida Faces Ominous
Prospects From Rising Waters
By NICK MADIGAN
MIAMI
BEACH — In the most dire predictions, South
Florida’s delicate barrier islands, coastal communities and
captivating subtropical beaches will be lost to the rising waters in as few as
100 years.
Further
inland, the Everglades, the river of grass that gives the region its fresh
water, could one day be useless, some scientists fear, contaminated by the
inexorable advance of the salt-filled ocean. The Florida Keys, the pearl-like
strand of islands that stretches into the Gulf of Mexico, would be mostly
submerged alongside their exotic crown jewel, Key West.
“I
don’t think people realize how vulnerable Florida
is,” Harold R. Wanless, the chairman of the geological sciences department at
the University of Miami, said in an interview last week. “We’re going to get
four or five or six feet of water, or more, by the end of the century. You have
to wake up to the reality of what’s coming.”
Concern
about rising seas is stirring not only in the halls of academia but also in
local governments along the state’s southeastern coast.
The
four counties there — Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe and Palm Beach, with a
combined population of 5.6 million — have formed an alliance to figure out
solutions.
Long
battered by hurricanes and prone to flooding from intense thunderstorms,
Florida is the most vulnerable state in the country to the rise in sea levels.
Even
predictions more modest than Professor Wanless’s foresee most of low-lying
coastal Florida subject to increasingly frequent floods as the polar ice caps
melt more quickly and the oceans surge and gain ground.
Much
of Florida’s 1,197-mile coastline is only a few feet above the current sea
level, and billions of dollars’ worth of buildings, roads and other
infrastructure lies on highly porous limestone that leaches water like a
sponge.
But
while officials here and in other coastal cities, many of whom attended a
two-day conference on climate change last week
in Fort Lauderdale, have begun to address the problem, the issue has gotten
little traction among state legislators in Tallahassee.
The
issue appears to be similarly opaque to segments of the community — business,
real estate, tourism — that have a vested interest in protecting South
Florida’s bustling economy.
“The
business community for the most part is not engaged,” said Wayne Pathman, a
Miami land-use lawyer and Chamber of Commerce board member who attended the
Fort Lauderdale conference. “They’re not affected yet. They really haven’t
grasped the possibilities.”
It
will take a truly magnificent effort, Mr. Pathman said, to find answers to the
critical issues confronting the area. Ultimately, he said, the most salient
indicator of the crisis will be the insurance industry’s refusal to handle risk
in coastal areas here and around the country that are deemed too exposed to
rising seas.
“People
tend to underestimate the gravity here, I think, because it sounds far off,”
said Ben Strauss, the director of the Program on Sea Level Rise at Climate
Central, an independent organization of scientists. “People are starting to
tune in, but it’s not front and center. Miami is a boom town now, but in the
future that I’m very confident will come, it will be obvious to everyone that
the sea is marching inland and it’s not going to stop.”
The
effects on real estate value alone could be devastating, Mr. Strauss said. His
research shows that there is about $156 billion worth of property, and 300,000
homes, on 2,120 square miles of land that is less than three feet above the
high tide line in Florida.
At
that same level, Mr. Strauss said, Florida has 2,555 miles of road, 35 public
schools, one power plant and 966 sites listed by the Environmental Protection
Agency, such as hazardous waste dumps and sewage plants.
The
amount of real estate value, and the number of properties potentially affected,
rises incrementally with each inch of sea-level rise, he said.
Professor
Wanless insists that no amount of engineering proposals will stop the onslaught
of the seas. “At two to three feet, we start to lose everything,” he said.
The
only answer, he said, is to consider drastic measures like establishing a
moratorium on development along coastal areas and to compel residents whose
homes are threatened to move inland.
Local
officials say they are doing what they can. Jason King, a consultant for the
Seven50 Southeast Florida Prosperity Plan, an economic blueprint for seven
southeastern counties over the next half-century, said it proposed further
replenishing of beaches and mangrove forests, raising roads, and building
flood-control gates, backflow preventers and higher sea walls.
Here
on Miami Beach, a densely populated 7.5-square-mile barrier island that already
becomes flooded in some areas each time there is a new moon or a heavy rain,
city officials have approved a $200 million project to retrofit its overwhelmed
storm-water system, which now pumps floodwaters onto the island when it should
be draining them off, and make other adjustments.
“The
sky is not falling, but the water is rising,” said Charles Tear, the Miami
Beach emergency management coordinator, who stood at an intersection at the
edge of Maurice Gibb Park, just two feet above sea level, that floods
regularly.
Mr.
Tear said he and other city officials were focused on the more conservative
prediction that the seas will rise by five to 15 inches over the next 50 years.
“We
can’t look at 100 years,” he said. “We have to look at the realistic side.”
James
F. Murley, the executive director of the South Florida Regional Planning
Council, was similarly unmoved by the more calamitous predictions.
“We’re
not comfortable looking at 2100,” he said, noting that for planning purposes he
adhered to a projection that foresaw two feet of sea-level rise by 2060.
Whatever
the specifics of the predictions, the Miami Beach city manager, Jimmy L.
Morales, said he and his staff had to consider whether “we should adopt more
aggressive assumptions” about the effects of climate change.
Officials
here are seeking advice from the Netherlands, famous for its highly effective
levees and dikes, but the very different topography of Miami Beach and its
sister coastal cities does not lend itself to the fixes engineered by the
Dutch.
“Ultimately,
you can’t beat nature, but you can learn to live with it,” Mr. Morales said.
“Human ingenuity is incredible, but do we have the political will? Holland sets
aside $1 billion a year for flood mitigation, and we have a lot more coastline
than they do.”
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